Gramatyka opisowa

PARTS OF SPEECH


a) John proper noun did verb not adverb know verb how adverb to infinitival marker react verb.
b) My possessive pronoun obnoxious adjective father noun has verb been verb unbearably adverb
extravagant adjective in preposition his possessive pronoun behavior noun recently adverb.
c) If conjunction I personal pronoun had verb not adverb eaten verb so adverb much adverb chocolate
noun yesterday adverb, I personal pronoun would modal verb not adverb feel verb sick adjective right
adverb now adverb.
d) To preposition my possessive pronoun surprise noun, John proper noun seemed verb a indefinite
article really adverb nice adjective guy noun and conjunction I personal pronoun got verb to infinitival
marker like verb him personal pronoun immediately adverb.
e) Why interrogative pronoun did verb you personal pronoun decide verb to infinitival marker go verb
to preposition church noun instead adverb of preposition visiting gerund the definite article disco noun?
f) How interrogative pronoun is verb it personal pronoun possible adjective that conjunction they
personal pronoun killed verb themselves reflexive pronoun without preposition any determiner warning
noun?
g) The definite article man noun had verb a indefinite article look noun of preposition surprise noun
on preposition his possessive pronoun face noun.
h) The definite article American adjective TV noun networks noun are verb full adjective of preposition
stories noun about preposition the definite article election noun.


Swahili – answers
I – ni you – u he – a we – tu
you (pl) – m they – wa future – ta present – na
perfect – me past – li me – ni you (object) – ku
him – m us – tu them – wa hear – sikia
answear – jibu know – jua help – saidia



1. Identify the individual morphemes in the words given below and determine whether they are free or
bound morphemes, suffixes, prefixes or roots:
computerize, bathroom, numerous, unthinkable, intersperse, actors
a) compute (free morpheme, root) -er (bound morpheme, suffix) -ize (bound morpheme, suffix)
b) bath (free morpheme) room (free morpheme, root)
c) numer (bound root) -ous (bound morpheme, suffix)
d) un- (bound morpheme, prefix) think (free morpheme, root) -able (bound morpheme, suffix)
e) inter- (bound morpheme, prefix) -sperse (bound root)
f) act (free morpheme, root) -er (bound morpheme, suffix) -s (bound morpheme, suffix)


2. List all morphemes in the sentence below. List all complex words and state for each of them which
type of morphological process it is an example of:
Textbook writers are sometimes grateful for comments and scholarly advice.
Text book write -er -s are some time -s grateful for comment -s and scholar-ly advice
textbook – compounding
writers – derivation and inflection
are – inflection and suppletion (derived from be)
sometimes – compounding and inflection
comments – inflection
scholarly - derivation


3. Draw trees/use labelled brackets for the following words:
decontextualization, uncontrollability, bathroom towel designer
[N [V de-[V [A [N context]-al]-ize]]-ation]
[N [A un-[A [V control]-able]]-ity]
[[[N bath] [N room]] [N [N towel] [N [V design] -er]]]


4. Classify the following words as being products of either inflection, derivation or compounding:

blackboard eraser (compounding, derivation) unacceptability (derivation)
flowerpots (compounding, inflection) movie monster (compounding)
broad-shouldered (compounding, inflection) hardworking (compounding, inflection)
speaking (inflection) developmental (derivation)



1. Identify the type of the genitive in the following phrases and sentences:
a) at the dentist’s – locative genitive
b) My car is faster than John’s. Elliptical genitive
c) a neighbor of Mary’s double genitive
d) a friend of my wife’s double genitive
e) But John’s is a good car too. Elliptical genitive
f) a brother of mine double genitive
g) Tonight we are going to Bill’s. Locative genitive
h) Mary’s departure subjective genitive
I) the month of December appositive genititve

2. Name the elements (head noun, modifiers, determiners, etc.) of the NP:
a) half an hour; hour – head, an – determiner (also premodifier), half – predeterminer (also premodifier)
b) such an amazing day; day – head, such an amazing – three premodifiers, an – determiner, such -
predeterminer
c) so little sugar in the fridge; sugar – head, in the fridge – a PP that functions as a postmodifier, little –
determiner, so – predeterminer, so little – two premodifiers
d) so many friends in my room; friends – head, in my room – a PP that functions as a postmodifier,
many – determiner, so – predeterminer, so many – two premodifiers
e) all their trouble; trouble – head, all their – two premodifiers, their – determiner, all – predeterminer
f) the two beautiful girls with umbrellas; girls – head, with umbrellas – a PP that functions as a
postmodifier, the two beautiful – three premodifiers, the – determiner, two - postdeterminer


3. Provide the correct feminine or masculine forms:
a) heroine hero b) empress emperor c) he-goat she-goat d) heir heiress
e) hen cock/rooster f) bachelor spinster/bachelorette g) masseuse masseur
h) leopard leopardess I) ram ewe j) tiger tigeress
k) usher usherette l) lad lass m) gander goose
n) stallion mare o) bride groom p) salesman saleswoman
4. Provide the correct plural form:
a) analysis analyses b) bacterium bacteria c) focus focuses/foci
d) alumnus alumni e) louse lice f) deer deer
g) means means h) prognosis prognoses I) leaf leaves j) radius radii
k) aircraft aircraft l) ox oxen m) sheep sheep n) fungus
fungi/funguses


1.
a) In sentence a Qu:?as is a noun as it carries the morphological ending -?i which stands for DEF
(definiteness). And definiteness is the property of nouns, not verbs.
b) In sentence a Mamu:k is a verb since it carries the morphological suffix -ma which represents PRES
(present tense). And tenses are properties of verbs, not nouns.
c) In sentence b Qu:?as is a verb as it carries the morphological suffix-ma which denotes present tense.
Tenses are typical of verbs, not nouns.
d) In sentence b Mamu:k is a noun since the suffix -?i stands for definiteness, which is the property of
nouns.
e) When classifying parts of speech in the sentences, we take into consideration the morphological
composition of the considered words.
f) Accordingly, the data from Nootka confirm that the meaning of the words (the semantic criterion)
considered is of no relevance in the process of classifying parts of speech.
2.
twas – adjective
gyre – verb
wabe – noun
mome – adjective
outgrabe – verb
Jubjub – noun/adjective
frumious – adjective
bandersnatch – noun
yorpal – adjective
manxome – adjective
tumtum – adjextive
uffish – adjective
Jabberwock – noun
whiffling – present participle
tulgey – adjextive
burbled – verb
When identifying parts of speech, we take into consideration the morphological structure of the word
and its position in the sentence.


Classify parts of speech:
1. Is auxiliary verb it personal pronoun right adjective to infinitival marker say lexical verb that
subordinating conjunction right noun wrongs lexical verb no determiner man noun?
2. One indefinite pronoun can modal verb not adverb right lexical verb all predeterminer the definite
article, determiner wrongs noun in preposition the definite article, determiner world noun.
3. Cure lexical verb that demonstrative pronoun cold noun with preposition a determiner, indefinite
article drink noun of preposition hot attributive adjective lemon noun before subordinating conjunction
you personal pronoun go lexical verb to preposition bed noun.
4. Drink lexical verb this demonstrative pronoun quick adverb! Do auxiliary verb not adverb let lexical
verb it personal pronoun get lexical verb cold predicative adjective.
5. Before preposition the determiner fire noun there expletive pronoun had auxiliary verb been
auxiliary verb a indefinite article plague noun the definite article like noun of preposition which
relative pronoun had auxiliary verb not adverb been auxiliary verb known lexical verb, past participle
before adverb and coordinating conjunction has auxiliary verb not adverb been auxiliary verb seen
lexical verb, past participle since adverb.
6. It personal pronoun is auxiliary verb a indefinite article common attributive adjective failing noun to
infinitival marker suppose lexical verb that subordinating conjunction we personal pronoun are
auxiliary verb not adverb like preposition other attributive adjective men noun.
7. As preposition your possessive pronoun doctor noun I personal pronoun must modal verb warn
lexical verb you personal pronoun that subordinating conjunction the definite article results noun of
preposition taking gerund this demonstrative pronoun drug noun may modal verb be auxiliary verb
very adverb serious predicative adjective.
8. Growth noun in preposition weight noun results lexical verb in preposition the definite article
development noun of preposition muscles noun and coordinating conjunction fat noun.
9. Warm lexical verb pan noun, sift lexical verb dry attributive adjective ingredients noun and
coordinating conjunction stir lexical verb well adverb.
10. Dry lexical verb hair noun thoroughly adverb with preposition warm attributive adjective towel
noun and coordinating conjunction comb lexical verb.
11. The definite article sun noun burnt lexical verb the definite article grass noun black postpositive
adjective.


Classify parts of speech:
1. Can modal verb you personal pronoun give lexical verb me personal pronoun that demonstrative
pronoun bandage noun?
2. The definite article children noun went lexical verb completely adverb crazy predicative adjective at
preposition the definite article party noun.
3. Although subordinating conjunction he personal pronoun was auxiliary verb young predicative
adjective, he personal pronoun was auxiliary verb regarded lexical verb, past participle by preposition
the definite article people noun as preposition their possessive pronoun, determiner leader noun.
4. There expletive pronoun seems lexical verb to infinitival marker be auxiliary verb a indefinite article
connection noun between preposition the definite article disease noun and coordinating conjunction
exposure noun to preposition radiation noun.
5. Susan proper noun went lexical verb to preposition bed noun hours noun ago adverb but
coordinating conjunction she personal pronoun still adverb seems lexical verb to infinitival marker be
auxiliary verb awake predicative adjective.
6. When subordinating conjunction Germany proper noun scored lexical verb for preposition a
indefinite article, determiner seventh postdeterminer, ordinal time noun the definite article crowd noun
went lexical verb wild predicative adjective with preposition excitement noun.
7. Their possessive pronoun, determiner bodies noun have auxiliary verb become lexical verb, past
participle adapted lexical verb, past participle to preposition living gerund at preposition high
attributive adjective altitudes noun.
8. They personal pronoun have auxiliary verb been auxiliary verb allowed lexical verb, past participle
to infinitival marker keep lexical verb the definite article, determiner Roman attributive adjective coins
noun that relative pronoun they personal pronoun found lexical verb in preposition their possessive
pronoun garden noun at preposition the definite article, determiner back noun of preposition the
definite article, determiner house noun.
9. During preposition the definite article, determiner war noun the definite article, determiner police
noun might modal verb arrest lexical verb you personal pronoun for preposition criticizing gerund the
definite article, determiner king noun.
10. Whenever subordinating conjunction we personal pronoun went lexical verb to preposition my
possessive pronoun uncle noun Frank’s proper noun house noun, we personal pronoun would modal
verb play lexical verb in preposition the definite article, determiner garden noun.


1. Provide DS and show Affix Hopping operations of the following italicized verb phrases:
a) They would have been doing it for five days by now.
DS: past (-ed) will have +-en be + -ing do
SS: will + -ed have be+-en do+-ing; 3 Affix hopping operations
b) She had been there.
DS: past (-ed) have+-en be
SS: have+-ed be+-en; 2 Affix hopping operations
c) You must have been told.
DS: past must have+-en be+-en tell
SS: must+past have be+-en tell+-en; 3 Affix hopping operations; in this example an abstract morpheme
referring to the past moves to the right of must
d) She has been going out a lot recently.
DS: present (-s) have+-en be+-ing go out
SS: have+-s be+-en go out+-ing; 3 Affix hopping operations
e) Mary has been informed about our decision.
DS: present (-s) have+-en be+-en inform
SS: have+-s be+-en inform+-en; 3 Affix hopping operations
2. In each example in exercise 1 decide whether a given verbal element is finite or non-finite.
a) would – finite, have – non-finite, been – non-finite, doing – non-finite
b) had – finite, been – non-finite
c) must – finite, have – non-finite, been – non-finite, told – non-finite
d) has – finite, been – non-finite, going out – non-finite
e) has – finite, been – non-finite, informed - non-finite
3. Identify types of adverbs:
a) I have been waiting for hours. Adverb of time
b) He usually plays better than this. Adverb of frequency; Adverb of manner
c) Tomorrow the weather will be much cooler. Adverb of time; plain adverb (with no specific type)
d) I completely forgot her birthday and now I do not know how to make it up to her. Intensifying
adverb; Adverb of time; plain adverb (no specific type)
e) In the accident she was thrown violently against the door. Adverb of place; Adverb of manner;
Adverb of place
f) They left at 3 with a great deal of noise and did not leave a note. Adverb of time; Adverb of
manner; plain adverb (no specific type)
g) The government yesterday announced an increase in education spending. Adverb of time
h) Next to the book shelf was a fireplace. Adverb of place
I) Above his head the sword hung menacingly. Adverb of place; Adverb of manner
j) Never had we encountered such an unreasonable official. Adverb of frequency
k) At no time did he admit that his team played badly. Adverb of time; Adverb of manner
4. Identify parts of speech in exercise 3.
a) I personal pronoun have primary auxiliary verb been primary auxiliary verb (past participle) waiting
lexical verb (present participle) for preposition hours noun
b) He personal pronoun usually adverb of manner plays lexical verb better adverb of manner than
preposition this demonstrative pronoun
c) Tomorrow adverb of time the definite article (determiner) weather noun will modal verb be auxiliary
verb much adverb cooler predicative adjective
d) I personal pronoun completely intensifying adverb forgot lexical verb her possessive pronoun
birthday noun and coordinating conjunction now adverb of time I personal pronoun do primary
auxiliary verb not adverb know lexical verb how interrogative pronoun to infinitival marker make
lexical verb it personal pronoun up verbal particle to preposition her personal pronoun
e) In preposition the definite article (determiner) accident noun she personal pronoun was auxiliary
verb thrown lexical verb (participial adjective, past participle) violently adverb of manner against
preposition the definite article (determiner) door noun
f) They personal pronoun left lexical verb at preposition 3 cardinal with preposition a indefinite article
(determiner) great attributive adjective deal noun of preposition noise noun and coordinating
conjunction did primary auxiliary verb not adverb leave bare infinitive (lexical verb) a indefinite article
(determiner) note noun
g) The definite article (determiner) government noun yesterday adverb of time announced lexical verb
an indefinite article (determiner) increase noun in preposition education noun spending gerund
h) Next to complex preposition the definite article (determiner) book noun shelf noun was auxiliary
verb a indefinite article fireplace noun
I) Above preposition his possessive pronoun head noun the definite article (determiner) sword noun
hung lexical verb menacingly adverb of manner
j) Never adverb of time had primary auxiliary verb we personal pronoun encountered lexical verb (past
participle) such predeterminer an indefinite article (determiner) unreasonable attributive adjective
official noun
k) At preposition no determiner time noun did primary auxiliary verb he personal pronoun admit lexical
verb (bare infinitive) that subordinating conjunction his possessive pronoun team noun played lexical
verb badly adverb of manner


1. Identify types of lexical verbs and parts of the sentence (grammatical functions of words):
a) Toxic waste subject threatens monotr verb our habitat.object
b) The state of Florida subject executed monotr verb Theodore Bundy.object
c) Social problems subject make complex tr verb law enforcement object difficult.object
complement
d) Narcotis subject imitate monotr verb the body's natural reward system.object
e) Psychologist Stanley Cole subject calls compex tr verb border collies object the smartest
dogs.object complement
f) Mutual funds subject provide ditr verb investors indirect object high yields.direct object
g) The first graders subject walked intr verb around the fire station.obligatory adjunct
h) God subject rested intr verb on the seventh day. adjunct
I) Some rebellious teens subject become linking verb runaways.subject complement
j) Alcoholism subject remains linking verb a major social problem.subject complement
k) Beagle puppies subject are linking verb loveable. Subject complement
l) A glade subject is linking verb a forest clearing.subject complement
m) My neighbor subject planted monotr verb her perennials object with care.adjunct
n) School subject resumes intr verb Monday.obligatory adjunct

1. Identify main parts of the sentence (including verb types):
a) You can take, provide or analyze the sample.
You – subject take, provide, analyze - monotr verb the samlpe - object
b) At the moment adjunct we subject have pseudotransitive verb too few nurses attending at too
many patients object
c) John subject acquired monotr verb an interest in politics object from his uncle adjunct
d) You subject must concentrate on prepositional verb your studies prepositional object
e) The introduction to the book subject comments briefly adjunct on (comments on – prepositional
verb) a case study carried out in Brazil prepositional object
f) We subject assigned ditransitive verb the tasks direct object randomly adjunct to the experimental
group indirect object
g) The method used by John subject relies on prepositional verb two basic principles prepositional
object
h) School standards subject are linking verb a concern which occurs frequently among parents
nowadays subject complement
I) The paper subject is linking verb to general subject complement and lacks monotransitive verb
examples which relate only to individual things object
j) The book subject provides monotransitive verb an illuminating discussion of how lgs change
object; change – intransitive verb
2. Account for the ambiguity of the sentences below:
a) Flying planes can be dangerous.
Flying can be either a participial adjective or a gerund
b) She looked much harder than her sister.
Much harder – either a subject complement and then “looked” is a linking verb or “much harder” is
an adjunct and the verb is intransitive
c) The chicken is ready to eat.
The chicken – either both a structural and a logical subject
or
The chicken – a structural subject but a logical object


1. Name parts of speech and determine grammatical functions:
a) What interogative pronoun do auxiiary verb you personal pronoun think lexical verb of
preposition the determiner definitie article table noun?
b) The definite article determiner tree noun looks lexical verb beautiful predicative adjective now
adverb in preposition spring noun.
c) Mary proper noun took lexical verb a indefinite article determiner cake noun and coordinating
conjunction an indefinite article determiner apple noun pie noun to preposition the definite article
determiner party noun, but coordinating conjunction only adverb the definite article D latter noun
was auxiliary verb eaten past participle lexical verb.
d) The definite article D disease noun could modal verb have auxiliary verb killed lexical verb past
participle off verbal particle half noun the definite article population noun of preposition the definite
article country noun.
e) The definite article D country noun has pseudotransitive verb a indefinite article D rapidly adverb
expanding attributive adjective population noun.
f) In preposition the definite article D middle noun of preposition his possessive pronoun speech
noun he personal pronoun started lexical verb to infinitival marker cough lexical verb
uncontrollably adverb.
g) The definite article D woman noun opened lexical verb the definite article D gate noun and
coordinating conjunction looked lexical verb intransitive thoughtfully adverb at preposition the
definite article D house noun.
h) There expletive pronoun was lexical verb linking a indefinite article D serious attributive
adjective fire noun in preposition a indefinite article D block noun of preposition flats noun in
preposition Glasgow proper noun last attributive adjective night noun.
I) Everyone indefinite pronoun has auxiliary verb put lexical verb phrasal verb (along with “in”) in
phrasal particle a indefinite article D lot noun of preposition effort noun to infinitival marker make
lexical verb the definite article D course noun successful adjective.


2. Bracket and name embedded and coordinate clauses:
a) It is difficult [to find a good husband these days]. Extraposed subject noun clause
b) [I phoned Sarah at home] but [there was no answer]. 2 coordinate clauses
c) Not one of the hundreds of families affected by the storm wants [to move]. Object noun clause;
you may also say it is an infinitival clause
d) They recommended [that he should give up smoking]. Object noun clause
e) The police gave an order [that all weapons should be handed in immediately]. Appositive clause
f) He denied [hearing the police warnings]. Object noun clause; one may also say it is a gerundive
clause
g) [Just before she got married], she revealed [that she had been married before]. Cl1 – adverb
clause, cl2 – object noun clause
h) John raised the question of [how the money would be collected]. Prepositional object noun clause
I) Did you hear the dogs [that were barking at night]? Relative clause
j) [That he did it], I cannot understand. Topicalized object noun clause
k) [Unless you apologize], I will not speak to you. Adverb clause